Elijah McCoy: An African American Inventor

Photo: Elijah McCoy, African American inventor (b. 5/2/1844 - 10/10/1929)

Have you ever heard reference to the term the "real McCoy"? This term obtained its reputation from the innovation of Elijah McCoy, born in Colchester, Ontario, Canada in 1844. McCoy was one of twelve children born to his father and mother, George and Mildred (nee Goins) McCoy. The elder McCoys were African fugitive slaves who escaped the state of Kentucky in the United States to Canada through the Underground Railroad.

George McCoy joined the Canadian Army and fought in the Rebel War. He raised his family as free Canadian citizens on a 160-acre homestead. The McCoys recognized early that Elijah McCoy exhibited talent with mechanical items, often taking them apart only to put them back together again. While in his teens, McCoy's parents sent the young man to be educated in Edinburgh, Scotland where he would study mechanical engineering.

When Elijah McCoy returned from Scotland he settled in Ypsilanti, Michigan. He was not able to find work as an engineer and soon accepted a job as a locomotive fireman with the Michigan Central Railroad. In this position, McCoy was manually required to shovel coal into a train's engine and to apply oil to the moving parts of the machine.

Elijah McCoy's patent for Improvement in Lubricators for Steam-Engines

By 1872, Elijah McCoy had developed his own engineering workshop where he would invent a mechanized container, or cup, with a stop-cock that regulated the flow of oil onto the moving parts of a machine. This was the first automatic lubricator, which would revolutionize industry. Up until McCoy developed the automatic lubricator, the biggest industrial problem, according to historian McKinley Burt, was the down time required of most production machinery of the time. Machinery was halted so that hand lubrication of mechanical parts could occur, something McCoy was all too familiar with as a locomotive fireman. According to Burt, economists estimated that during the post-Civil War period, this resulted in a loss of approximately 20 percent of the Gross National Product.

On July 23, 1872, McCoy obtained United States patent No. 129,843 for the first automatic lubricator. Certainly his hands-on experience oiling train engines informed his innovation. From 1872 to 1920, McCoy would patent dozens of lubricating units and mechanical devices that boosted the efficiency of industry. Today, millions of machines are using some version of McCoy's automatic lubrication device.

"Whether it was a matter of Naval vessels, oil-drilling rigs, trains or mining, mill or construction equipment, no one would even consider a purchase unless inspection revealed that it was equipped with the "real McCoy" and not a copy cat design. An African American inventor's name would become the term for excellence in the industrial sector.

Charlie Sifford & the History of African American Golfers

Charles Luther Sifford aka Charlie Sifford (b. 6/2/1922, NC - d. 2/3/2015)

The color barrier in professional golfing in the United States was broken by Charlie Sifford, the first African American golfer granted a Professional Golf Association (PGA) of America tour card. Sifford would go on to win more than a million dollars in official prize money and was the first African American golfer inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2001. He died Tuesday, February 3, 2015, at age 92. 

"His love of golf, despite many barriers in his path, strengthened him as he became a beacon for diversity in our game," said Derek Sprague, president of PGA, in an AP report. "By his courage, Dr. Sifford inspired others to follow their dreams. Golf was fortunate to have had this exception American in our midst."

Photo: Dr. Charlie  L. Sifford

Sifford, known as the "Jackie Robinson of golf",  received a tour card after the PGA desegregated in 1961. Many others, however, chipped away at the history of racial segregation in golfing before Sifford. In addition to Charlie Sifford, men such as James Black, Jim Dent, Lee Elder, Pete Brown, Calvin Peete, Ted Rose, John Shippen, Bill Spiller and Jim Thorpe are among the many heroes of African Americans in golfing. 

The history of the African American golfer began in the caddy shacks of American golf country clubs. By September 21, 1921, however, a group of prominent African American investors known as the Progressive Realty Company, Inc. purchased land in Westfield, New Jersey. This collective established the Shady Rest Golf and Country Club, the nation's first African-American owned and operated country club. 

Shady Rest Golf and Country Club was the home course of John Shippen, the first African American golfer to play in the U.S. Open in 1896. In addition to trail-blazing as a home to African American golfers, the club became known for drawing legendary entertainment, such as jazz legends Duke Ellington, Sarah Vaughn, Count Basie and Ella Fitzgerald. In fact, the history of the club is that white Americans sometimes gathered outside its gates to hear the legendary music. 

Photo: African American golfer John Shippen

By 1925 in Scotch Plains, New Jersey, the United  Golfers Association (UGA) was developed. The UGA was to golfing what the Negro League was to baseball -- a fraternity of African Americans intent on participating in organized sporting events. The UGA tournaments were often referred to by its golfers as the "Chitlin' Circuit", a term also used by African American entertainers to describe the limitation to segregated venues. 

The golf courses the touring UGA was limited to were primarily public municipality courses that were not always in the best shape. Black people -- being very resourceful where resources are limited -- developed their own golf courses in the early days of segregated golfing. This included such innovations as creating golf courses near housing projects, golfing with tobacco sticks when clubs were limited, and making use of dogwood tree bark as putters.

Pete Brown, first African American to win PGA sanctioned event, 1964.

The UGA provided an outlet for African American golfers and offered those serious about playing the game of golf an opportunity to win the purse that was collected for winners through entrance fees. The resources available to create the UGA purses were often limited. They were in no way comparative to the purses that the PGA raised for its winners. Comparatively, the purse was about 10 to 1. An average PGA purse in the 1920s and 1930s may have paid $250.00, while the UGA winner received about $25.00. It was no wonder why African American golfers were interested in competing in the PGA -- especially those who sought to make a living from the sport, as other Americans were at the time. 

The pinch, however, was that the PGA constitution, as it read in the 1960s, contained a Caucasian-race only clause. It arose from a heritage of exclusion -- the legacy of country club culture in the United States. The UGA never had a racial exclusionary clause. In fact, golfers of Caucasian heritage began to participate in the UGA competitions early in its history. 

Photo: Bill Spiller

Many of the great African American golfers were forced to become caddies, carrying the bags of European Americans, simply to make a living because they were denied the opportunity to compete in the professional tours.

In 1948, three African-American golfing greats -- Bill Spiller, Teddy Rhodes and Madison Gunther -- filed a lawsuit against the PGA alleging damages for being barred to participate in the PGA golf tournament in Richmond, California -- outside of Oakland.

The three men had qualified the week before in the L.A. open. The PGA wiggled out of this challenge to its racial segregation clause by changing the PGA designation from "opens" to "invitations". African Americans were never invited and, as a result, were limited in their opportunity to become professional golfers. 

Photo (R-L) Joe Louis, Teddy Rhodes, and  Bill Spiller.

A little known Black history fact in African American golf history is that Joe Louis -- the 1938 heavy-weight champion who knocked out the German Max Schmeling -- also chipped at the PGA's color barrier at a 1952 San Diego Opening. The organizers of the opening allegedly didn't know there was an PGA Caucasian-only clause. When they learned of it they challenged it under a sponsor's exemption when Louis qualified for the tour as an amateur golfer. As an amateur golfer, he was the first African American to play in an PGA tour event. The fight for inclusion became Joe Louis' cause. 

Lee Elders, in 1975, first Black to play in Masters.

By 1960, Stanley Mosk, then attorney general of the State of California, was among the limited European Americans to support African American golfers. Mosk called the PGA, which was planning another tour in California, and said that if they did not open to African Americans they couldn't play in California. The PGA moved their event to Pennsylvania. The NAACP became active in the cause. Eventually, the PGA was forced to remove its Caucasian-only clause. It was at this time that Dr. Sifford was able to obtain a PGA tour card to compete with other professional golfers. Today, there is now a Dr. Charles L. Sifford Golf Course at Revolution Park in Charlotte, North Carolina -- a great homage to this legacy. 

References: Uneven Fairways, documentary written and directed by Dan Levinson, The Golf Channel, executive producer; Forbidden Fairways, book by Dr. Calvin Sinnette.