Pages

Queen Ana de Sousa Nzinga Mbande of Ndongo (Angola)



Image: Queen Nzinga of Angola (circa b: 1581 - d. Dec. 17, 1663)

A brief account of the life and times of one of the earliest recorded African warrior queens, Queen Nzinga (aka Nzinga; Dona Ana de Sousa; Ana de Souza; Zhinga; N'Zhinga; Jinga; Ngola Ana Nzinga Mbande), renowned for her strategic military tactics and political and diplomatic intelligence.
Born as Princess Nzinga among the Mbundu (Ambundu) group of the Ndongo Kingdom in the central west Africa region now known as Angola. Her father was Ngola Kilajua, the word 'Ngola' referring to the title of the ruling chief, which later developed into the national name for the region. Her mother reportedly had no blood ties to the royal family  within the landed chieftain system. Nzinga had one brother, Ngola Mbandi, and two sisters, Kifunji and Mukambu. Though she resisted Portuguese colonial occupation of central west Africa for over four decades, she officially ruled Ndongo from 1624-1626 and 1657-1663.

The earliest European record of Nzinga was a report of her inclusion in her brother's envoy to an 1622 peace conference before the Portuguese's Luanda governor João Correia de Sousa. Luanda is an Atlantic coastal city, the largest city in Angola and the country's capital. An historical account of the conference includes the famous tale of Correia de Sousa's not offering Nzinga a chair, instead placing a floor mat before her to sit. In an 1690 book, the Italian priest Giovanni Antonio Cavazzi, in attendance at the court, memorialized the scene in an engraving whereby Nzinga asserts her status by sitting on the back of a maid servant within her royal envoy during the course of the negotiations. 

Image: Giovanni Antonio Cavazzi, Istorica Descrizione de' Tre Regni Congo, Matamba, et Angola (Milan, 1690), p. 437 Cavazzi writes the Queen's name as 'Zingha'. (Copy in the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University) 
Though a treaty was signed with the Portuguese at this peace conference it was never honored by them. They soon hired the Imbangala (aka Mbangala) to fight against the Ndongo Kingdom as they pushed to capture slaves to further their national slave trading export interests to the so-called New World. Prior to Nzinga's birth, the Portuguese had settled along the southern part of the Congo River and began moving up the Kwanza River Valley in search of slaves and gold. According to historical reports, the Imbangala in the 17th century mostly comprised bands of pillaging warriors native to this regions, founders of the kingdom of Kasanje. They aided the Portuguese colonial campaigns as early as those of Luis Mendes de Vasconcelos in 1618. The Imbangala's historical marauding customs were reportedly abandoned by the late seventeenth century.

Map: main region of military battles between Kingdom of Ndongo and Portuguese in Angola

The Mbundu tradition prohibited women rulers. Upon Nzinga's brother's death she became regent to his son Kiza. She soon convinced the Portuguese to support her bid to the throne. In 1622, she was baptized and took the Christian name Ana, the surname of the Luanda governor de Sousa and the Portuguese title Dona. Hence Princess Nzinga became known as Dona Ana de Sousa in a political move to help secure her succession to the Ndongo Kingdom throne. 

The Portuguese began negotiating directly with Nzinga. The arrival of Fernão de Sousa in 1624 started with discussions with her, but because she was not submissive to the Portuguese, ended with her ouster from Kidonga. That same year she is reported to refer to herself as "Rainha de Andongo" (Queen of Andongo). After the Portuguese ouster, Nzinga continued fighting against the Portuguese while in exile. She fled east but reclaimed the island in 1627. She was again driven out by the Portuguese in 1629, the year her sister was captured by their military forces. 

By 1641, Nzinga had entered among the earliest African-European alliance against a European nation when she entered into negotiations with the Dutch. In 1646 her army defeated the Portuguese at Davanga, but her other sister was captured. By 1647 her alliance with the Dutch was fruitful in the seizure of Masangano from the Portuguese. In 1648 her army retreated to Matamba, a pre-colonial African Kingdom located in what is now the Baixa de Cassange region of Malanje Province of modern day Angola. 

Photo: Statue of Queen Nzinga in Luanda, Angola on the Kinaxixi Square

In an 1657 speech, Queen Nzinga reportedly stated to her army that an alliance with the Imbangala was then a necessary evil in the military war against the Portuguese. In the same year, however, she signed a peace treaty with the Portuguese. She had fought against their colonial and slave raiding attacks for decades.  Queen Nzinga died on December 17, 1663 at the age of 80. Unfortunately, her death accelerated Portuguese colonial occupation, as well as their Atlanta slave trade activities in central west Africa.

Photo: modern day aerial view of Luanda, Angola
  

15 comments:

  1. Thank you very much for such an enlightening story. What a remarkable and extraordinary leader Queen Nzinga of Angola was!

    ReplyDelete
  2. A man travels the world over in search of what he needs, and returns home to find it. Cheap Flights to Luanda

    ReplyDelete
  3. Authentic history.... #Strongroyalty #NadiaSmalley #Blueblood1

    ReplyDelete
  4. The Dutch ship Man-of-War that arrived in colonial Virginia in 1619 carried 20 Africans from the Kingdom of Ndongo in Angola. They were Kimbundu speaking people

    ReplyDelete
  5. Learn something new everyday. Didn't know this. Go my QUEEN

    ReplyDelete
  6. hey , this is very cool

    ReplyDelete
  7. Thank you for your history on Queen Nzinga Dona Anna de Souza Mbunde as I am one of her descendants. Her son Duarte "John" Mozingo Montsingaux 1610-1669 who begot Edward Mozingo Sr 1644 or 1650-1712 who begot Edward Mozingo Jr. 1685-1754 who begot John Mizingo 1707-1772 who begot Pierce Mozingo 1745-1819 who begot Edward Mozingo 1775-1851 who begot Catherine Mozingo Jenkins/Newman 1822-1860 who begot Mary Susan Jenkins who was my Great Grandmother. Thirteen generations if I've counted correctly. In a side note although Queen Nzinga did what she could to change the evils of her day, unfortunately she was unable to prevent the fate of the slave trade. He 6 th generation Grandson Edward Mozingo was an indentured servant in Virginian USA for 28 years.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. I (we) my family just discovered that we are also descendants of Edward Monzingo. What a great woman we descend from.

      Delete
    2. I am also a descendant. My mother was a Mozingo and her family settled in Alabama. This is all fascinating.

      Delete
    3. Hi Brenda, thank you so much for sharing your family history here! I would love to speak to you further as I'm writing a new history of Njinga - which will be published in 2024 - and would love to interview you as a descendant. My email is paulaakpan@gmail.com if you're interested x

      Delete
  8. I would be important to add that Ndongo kingdom traditionally engaged in the slave trade, and its economy was mainly based in slavery, mainly prisioners of war, adulterers and blasphemists.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Please give me the reference of what you are saying so that I can verify before adding it to my speech on Queen Nzingha.

      Delete
  9. Wow. I too am just finding out, & learning all of the history I can. Mine is similar . Duarte, Edward, Edward Jr, John, Pearce booth Mozingo, Sarah Ally Mozingo who married Jesse Skinner, Benjamin B. Skinner Nancy P Skinner married Mathias Dilbeck, Who begat Nancy Emily Dillbeck-married John Lewis Bud Curry, producing My Great Grandmother, Fanny B curry. Sally & Jesse are buried 30 minute from other my family's graves in Kentucky! I am so excited & thrilled to find the history! I have cross referenced different sources for hours ! I live in Michigan

    ReplyDelete
  10. I took an a defendant on my grandmother's side. Her mother was Nannie Mozingo. My grand mother was Flora as listed in the book called fiddler on pantico run written by a distant cousin Joe Mozingo

    ReplyDelete